Arslan Ahmad

Google Interview Guide (2022)
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Interview Process
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What to expect in a Google interview:
  
* Recruiter Pre-screen (20-30 mins) – Non-technical chat about your resume and background. Get ready to answer questions like Why Google? Why are you leaving your current job? What's your biggest achievement?

* Technical Phone Screens (45-60 mins) – One or two phone screens with your hiring manager or a Google employee. You'll solve a coding question related to data structures and algorithms on a shared Google Doc. Some questions on your background.

* Onsite Loop (4-5 interviews) – Coding and System Design questions. Expect questions related to slightly harder data structure, algorithms, and system design.

Google evaluates candidates on 4 criteria:
 
1) Googleyness
Googleyness means putting the user first, being friendly, approachable, humble, doing something nice for others, being proactive, and keeping your eye on the goal. You'll be gauged for being a team player and having a bias for action.

2) General Cognitive Ability
Your ability to solve problems and explain your thought process. Expect open-ended questions like how would you optimize this further? The interviewer wants to know how you learn and adapt to a situation.
​
3) Leadership
Your ability to take on tough problems and step back when it's not needed. They'll gauge if you can mobilize a team to solve a difficult problem. Get ready to answer questions like, how have you demonstrated leadership when you weren't the manager? how have you dealt with trade-offs and ambiguity?
​
4) Role-related knowledge
Is your technical expertise sufficient to drive impact at Google? How will you grow and scale with the company? Sample questions: Tell me about a recent/interesting project you worked on? How would you design a task scheduling system?


Interview Tips
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* Data Structures - Practice data structures like Heaps, HashTable, Tree, Stack, Queue, Graph, and Trie. 
* Algorithm - Practice Dynamic Programming, Quick-Sort, Breadth-first and Depth-first search.
* Explain your thought process - Extremely important. Practice describing your design decisions clearly and concisely.
* Collaborate – Don't forget to discuss tradeoffs, present multiple solutions, and take hints from the interviewer.


Top recent Google tagged Coding Questions on LeetCode
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Happy Number (easy)
Minimum Meeting Rooms (medium)
Number of Islands (medium)
Merge Intervals (medium)
Number of Closed Islands (medium)
Making a Large Island (hard)
Employee Free Time (hard)
Alien Dictionary (hard)

  
Top Google System Design Questions
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Design a Web Crawler
Design Google Docs
Design a Messenger
Design YouTube

Follow: Arslan Ahmad

Ref:
1) Grokking the Coding Interview: https://lnkd.in/gkjFsTxa
2) Grokking the System Design Interview: https://lnkd.in/g4Wii9r7
3) Google Interview Guide: https://lnkd.in/gtUN8qnE

#google #sde #datastructures #algorithms #systemdesign #leetcode #coding #codinginterview

𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐱 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰.

Here are some insights into the technologies Netflix uses to create a viewing experience that's hard to match.

📱On the front-end, Netflix mobile apps use Swift (for iOS) and Kotlin (for Android), ensuring seamless user experience on your devices. For the web, they use React, a popular JavaScript library for building UIs.

🔁 When it comes to client-server communication, Netflix opts for GraphQL, allowing efficient data fetching, leading to snappy load times and smooth navigation.

🔨 On the backend, they depend on tools like ZUUL for routing and Eureka for service discovery. They also use the Spring Boot framework to streamline app building, among other technologies.

🗃️ Databases play a crucial role in managing subscriber data and Netflix uses a mix - EV cache, Cassandra, and CockroachDB to name a few. This ensures the high speed and reliability of data operations.

📨 For messaging and streaming, Netflix uses Apache Kafka and Flink, tools that can handle high-speed data flows, ensuring your next episode loads without a hitch.

🎥 Video content is stored in S3 and delivered through Open Connect, Netflix's own content delivery network (CDN), ensuring smooth streaming globally.

📊 For data processing, Netflix employs Flink and Spark, visualizing the results with Tableau. For structured data warehouse information, they use Redshift.

🔄 Lastly, for seamless Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) processes, Netflix uses a range of tools from JIRA to Jenkins, and innovative in-house tools like Chaos Monkey and Spinnaker.

In a nutshell, Netflix's tech stack is built for scalability, reliability, security, and flexibility.

Netflix's continous innovation is an inspiration to us all in the tech space!

Original Post: https://lnkd.in/gUCjd3nF
Image Credit: Brij kishore Pandey
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#systemdesign #softwarearchitecture #coding #softwareengineering

𝟕 𝐒𝐐𝐋 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰

➡️ Inner Join: Retrieves records with matching values in both tables.

➡️ Left Join: Retrieves all records from the left table and matching records from the right table.

➡️ Left Join with Null Check: Filters only the records where there is no match in the right table (NULL values).

➡️ Right Join: Retrieves all records from the right table and matching records from the left table.

➡️ Right Join with Null Check: Filters only the records where there is no match in the left table (NULL values).

➡️ Full Join: Retrieves all records when there is a match in either the left or right table.

➡️ Full Join with Null Check: Filters only the records where there is no match in either the left or right table (NULL values).

Post Credit: Nelson Djalo

Reference:
🔴 How Is an SQL Query Executed? https://lnkd.in/g5guEs9u
🔴 System Design Interview Roadmap - https://lnkd.in/gQzGm8Yb
🔴 Liked this post? Join my free newsletter: https://lnkd.in/gpHAFd9t

#systemdesign #coding #interviewtips

𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲 (𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟮)

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀
  
👉 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗿𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗿𝗲-𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗻 (20-30 mins) – Non-technical chat about your resume and background. Get ready to answer questions like Why #google? Why are you leaving your current job? What's your biggest achievement?

👉 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗻𝘀 (40-60 mins) – One or two phone screens with the hiring manager or a Google employee. You'll solve a coding question related to #datastructures and #algorithms on a shared Google Doc. Some questions on your background.

👉 𝗢𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗼𝗽 (4-5 interviews) – #coding and #systemdesign questions. Expect questions related to slightly harder data structure, algorithms, and system design.

Google evaluates candidates on 4 criteria:
 
𝟭) 𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲𝘆𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
Googleyness means putting the user first, being friendly, approachable, humble, doing something nice for others, being proactive, and keeping your eye on the goal. You'll be judged for being a team player and having a bias for action.

𝟮) 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆
Your ability to solve problems and explain your thought process. Expect open-ended questions like how would you optimize this further? The interviewer wants to know how you learn and adapt to a situation.
​
𝟯) 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽
Your ability to take on tough problems and step back when it's not needed. They'll gauge if you can mobilize a team to solve a difficult problem. Get ready to answer questions like, how have you demonstrated leadership when you weren't the manager? how have you dealt with trade-offs and ambiguity?
​
𝟰) 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲-𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲
Is your technical expertise sufficient to drive impact at Google? How will you grow and scale with the company? Questions: Tell me about a recent/interesting project you worked on. How would you design a task scheduling system?


𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗧𝗶𝗽𝘀
* Data Structures - Practice Heaps, HashTable, Tree, Stack, Queue, Graph, and Trie. 
* Algorithm - Practice Dynamic Programming, Quick-Sort, Breadth-first and Depth-first search.
* Explain your thought process - Practice describing your design decisions clearly and concisely.
* Collaborate – Don't forget to discuss tradeoffs, present multiple solutions, and take hints from the interviewer.

𝗧𝗼𝗽 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗤𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗻 #𝗟𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲
Happy Number (easy)
Minimum Meeting Rooms (medium)
Number of Islands (medium)
Merge Intervals (medium)
Number of Closed Islands (medium)
Making a Large Island (hard)
Employee Free Time (hard)
Alien Dictionary (hard)
  
𝗧𝗼𝗽 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗤𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
Design a Web Crawler
Design Google Docs
Design a Messenger
Design YouTube

✅ Follow: Arslan Ahmad

𝗥𝗲𝗳:
1) Grokking the Coding Interview: https://lnkd.in/gkjFsTxa
2) Grokking the System Design Interview: https://lnkd.in/g4Wii9r7

𝟒𝟗 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐬 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧:

Engineering at Meta - https://lnkd.in/e8tiSkEv
Google Research - https://ai.googleblog.com/
Google Cloud Blog - https://lnkd.in/enNviCF8
AWS Architecture Blog - https://lnkd.in/eEchKJif
All Things Distributed - https://lnkd.in/emXaQDaS
The Nextflix Tech Blog - https://lnkd.in/efPuR39b
LinkedIn Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/ehaePQth
Uber Engineering Blog - https://eng.uber.com/
Engineering at Quora - https://lnkd.in/em-WkhJd
Pinterest Engineering - https://lnkd.in/esBTntjq
Lyft Engineering Blog - https://eng.lyft.com/
Twitter Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/evMFNhEs
Dropbox Engineering Blog - https://dropbox.tech/
Spotify Engineering - https://lnkd.in/eJerVRQM
Github Engineering - https://lnkd.in/eCADWt8x
Instagram Engineering - https://lnkd.in/e7Gag8m5
Databricks - https://lnkd.in/eXcBj37a
Canva Engineering Blog - https://canvatechblog.com/
Etsy Engineering - https://lnkd.in/eddzzKRt
Booking.com Tech Blog - https://blog.booking.com/
Expedia Technology - https://lnkd.in/ehjuBE5J
The Airbnb Tech Blog - https://lnkd.in/emGrJbGM
Stripe Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/em6Svgyx
Ebay Tech Blog - https://tech.ebayinc.com/
Flickr's Tech Blog - https://code.flickr.net/
Hubspot Product and Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/eRGZkBd4
Zynga Engineering - https://lnkd.in/eex5Ddry
Yelp Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/epgBW_4J
Heroku Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/evgctQjh
Discord Engineering and Design - https://lnkd.in/evY4gpUA
Zomato - https://lnkd.in/e9gf3APD
Hotstar - https://blog.hotstar.com/
Swiggy - https://bytes.swiggy.com/
Acast Tech - https://lnkd.in/esuCEYZb
ASOS Tech Blog - https://lnkd.in/esXfdv3G
Shopify Engineering - https://lnkd.in/evvnqQTj
Microsoft Tech Blogs - https://lnkd.in/etw_7_bN
Engineering at Microsoft - https://lnkd.in/eEKz4ECi
MongoDB Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/e9iaqcmZ
Slack Engineering - https://slack.engineering/
Engineering at Depop - https://lnkd.in/eGjRYcFd
SourceDiving (Cookpad's Engineering Blog - https://sourcediving.com/
Auto Trader Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/eGDKA_g3
Indeed Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/ecFS87Dt
Gusto Engineering Blog - https://lnkd.in/e7yVxDKs
Engineering at Birdie - https://lnkd.in/eUqJTpje
Forethough Engineering - https://lnkd.in/esCKvedJ
Capital One - https://lnkd.in/ezsKUf_H
Disney Streaming - https://lnkd.in/e4nmMdWd
Design Gurus - https://lnkd.in/g7zs2psR

#systemdesign #softwarearchitecture ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲: 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗺 𝗔𝗹𝗹.

When preparing for #systemdesign interviews, having a comprehensive list of key components can come in handy.

The attached template contains a list of frequently discussed components in these types of interviews, which you can use as a reference.

Here's a rundown on some of the key components of a system design:

✔️ API Gateway: This server acts as a single point of entry for multiple #microservices. It takes in client requests, routes them to the right microservice, and returns the response back to the client. Other tasks it performs include authentication and rate limiting.

✔️ Content Delivery Network (CDN): A network of servers located globally to deliver web content, such as images and videos, to users based on their location. #CDN improves the performance and accessibility of web content by caching it on servers close to the users.

✔️ Data Partitioning: In a database, horizontal partitioning (also known as #sharding) involves dividing rows of a table into smaller tables and storing them on different servers. Vertical partitioning involves dividing columns of a table into separate tables to reduce the number of columns and improve query performance.

✔️ Distributed Cache: These are in-memory data stores that are used to cache data in order to improve the performance of a distributed system. Examples include #Memcached and #Redis.

✔️ Distributed Messaging Systems: These are used to send messages between different components of a system. Examples include Apache #Kafka and #RabbitMQ.

✔️ Distributed File Systems: These file systems store and manage files across a group of servers.

✔️ Notification Systems: These are used to send alerts or notifications to users, such as emails, push notifications, or text messages.

✔️ Full-Text Search: This enables users to search for specific words or phrases within an app or website and returns the most relevant results. It relies on an inverted index, which maps words to the documents they appear in.


Ref:
✅System Design Survival Guide (2023): https://lnkd.in/deqz6gnz
✅Take a look at 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 for #systemdesign #interview questions - https://lnkd.in/giwyzfkT
✅For software architecture, take a look at 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 - https://lnkd.in/grPz6meZ

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴?

It is a technique used to scale a database by horizontally partitioning the data across multiple servers, or shards. The goal of sharding is to distribute the data and workload across multiple servers, so that each server can handle a smaller portion of the overall data and workload. This can help improve the performance and scalability of the database, as each server can process queries and updates more efficiently when it is working with a smaller amount of data.


𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴?

𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲-𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴: In this approach, the data is partitioned based on a key value, such as a user ID or a timestamp, and the data is distributed across the shards based on the range of the key value. For example, all user IDs in the range of 1-1000 might be stored on one shard, while user IDs in the range of 1001-2000 might be stored on another shard.

𝗛𝗮𝘀𝗵-𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴: In this approach, a hash function is used to distribute the data across the shards based on the key value. For example, all data with a user ID of 123 might be stored on one shard, while data with a user ID of 456 might be stored on another shard.

𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆-𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 In this approach, a central directory is used to map the key values to the specific shard where the data is stored. The directory can be used to determine which shard a piece of data belongs to, and the data can be retrieved from the appropriate shard.

𝗖𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗺 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴: In some cases, it may be necessary to implement a custom sharding strategy that is specific to the needs and requirements of the database and the applications that are using it. This can involve a combination of different sharding methods, or a completely unique approach.

Ref:
✅ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄: https://lnkd.in/g4Wii9r7
✅ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄: https://lnkd.in/dyCRtiec

#database #sharding #systemdesign #faang #interview

I've been often asked, how much time I need to spend preparing for coding interviews.

While it will differ for everyone, you should be able to brush up within 6 to 8 weeks on average.

After that, you should try mock interviews and try a full loop.

You will fail some. Keep going.

Focus on learning from your mistakes.

Another piece of advice: 𝗗𝗼𝗻’𝘁 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗟𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲; 𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗱

Since no one likes spending too much time preparing for coding interviews, follow a smarter path.

Focus on coding patterns instead.

This will save you time and effort.

Follow the below-mentioned 𝟮𝟬 𝗰𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘀 to learn the underline algorithms.

The idea behind these patterns is that once you are familiar with a pattern, you will be able to solve dozens of coding questions with it.

Ref:
✨ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄: https://lnkd.in/gUNnQuPm
✨ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗗𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴: https://lnkd.in/gbYj8icY

Here are the patterns:

1. Sliding Window
2. Islands (Matrix Traversal)
3. Two Pointers
4. Fast & Slow Pointers
5. Merge Intervals
6. Cyclic Sort
7. In-place Reversal of a LinkedList
8. Tree Breadth-First Search
9. Tree Depth First Search
10. Two Heaps
11. Subsets
12. Modified Binary Search
13. Bitwise XOR
14. Top ‘K’ Elements
15. K-way Merge
16. Topological Sort
17. 0/1 Knapsack
18. Fibonacci Numbers
19. Palindromic Subsequence
20. Longest Common Substring


📌 𝗙𝘂𝗹𝗹 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁: https://lnkd.in/gB3pJWw2

Ref:
✅ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄: https://lnkd.in/g6ApdjVW
✅ 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗗𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴: https://lnkd.in/gyB7Anr5

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#softwareengineering #technology #coding #algorithms

Design Patterns Used Across Different Layers

1. Client Layer
2. Load Balancer Layer
3. API Gateway Layer
4. Web Server Layer
5. Application Server Layer
6. Caching Layer
7. CDN Layer
8. Database Layer

✅ Read more about such patterns: Grokking Microservice Design Patterns - https://lnkd.in/gDMtPQxi

#designpatterns #systemdesign #softwarearchitecture

12 ESSENTIAL Network Protocols:

1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
Web Communication: Enables browser-server interaction, suitable for unsecured data transfer.

2. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):
Secure Web Communication: Ensures confidentiality through SSL/TLS encryption.

3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
File Transfer: Facilitates file exchange between computers, utilizing separate channels.

4. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
Reliable Data Delivery: Ensures ordered and reliable data transfer with error-checking.

5. IP (Internet Protocol):
Data Packet Management: Handles routing and addressing of data packets, assigning unique IP addresses.

6. UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
Swift Data Transfer: Offers connectionless and faster data transfer without reliability features.

7. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
Email Sending: Manages email sending between servers through a client-server architecture.

8. SSH (Secure Shell):
Secure Remote Access: Enables secure access to remote devices, encrypting client-server communication.

9. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
Email Access: Allows access and retrieval of emails from a server, maintaining emails on the server.

Post credit: Nelson Djalo

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